coefficient.cpp

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// Copyright (c) 2010-2026, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. Produced
// at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. All Rights reserved. See files
// LICENSE and NOTICE for details. LLNL-CODE-806117.
//
// This file is part of the MFEM library. For more information and source code
// availability visit https://mfem.org.
//
// MFEM is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
// terms of the BSD-3 license. We welcome feedback and contributions, see file
// CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
 
// Implementation of Coefficient class
 
#include "fem.hpp"
#include "../general/forall.hpp"
 
#include <cmath>
#include <limits>
 
namespace mfem
{
 
using namespace std;
 
// Given an ElementTransformation and IntegrationPoint in a refined mesh,
// return the ElementTransformation of the parent coarse element, and set
// coarse_ip to the location of the original ip within the coarse element.
ElementTransformation *RefinedToCoarse(
   Mesh &coarse_mesh, const ElementTransformation &T,
   const IntegrationPoint &ip, IntegrationPoint &coarse_ip)
{
   const Mesh &fine_mesh = *T.mesh;
   // Get the element transformation of the coarse element containing the
   // fine element.
   int fine_element = T.ElementNo;
   const CoarseFineTransformations &cf = fine_mesh.GetRefinementTransforms();
   int coarse_element = cf.embeddings[fine_element].parent;
   ElementTransformation *coarse_T = coarse_mesh.GetElementTransformation(
                                        coarse_element);
   // Transform the integration point from fine element coordinates to coarse
   // element coordinates.
   Geometry::Type geom = T.GetGeometryType();
   IntegrationPointTransformation fine_to_coarse;
   IsoparametricTransformation &emb_tr = fine_to_coarse.Transf;
   emb_tr.SetIdentityTransformation(geom);
   emb_tr.SetPointMat(cf.point_matrices[geom](cf.embeddings[fine_element].matrix));
   fine_to_coarse.Transform(ip, coarse_ip);
   coarse_T->SetIntPoint(&coarse_ip);
   return coarse_T;
}
 
void Coefficient::Project(QuadratureFunction &qf)
{
   QuadratureSpaceBase &qspace = *qf.GetSpace();
   const int ne = qspace.GetNE();
   Vector values;
   // GetValues makes a reference, but we need it to be valid on Host
   qf.HostWrite();
   for (int iel = 0; iel < ne; ++iel)
   {
      qf.GetValues(iel, values);
      const IntegrationRule &ir = qspace.GetIntRule(iel);
      ElementTransformation& T = *qspace.GetTransformation(iel);
      for (int iq = 0; iq < ir.Size(); ++iq)
      {
         const IntegrationPoint &ip = ir[iq];
         T.SetIntPoint(&ip);
         const int iq_p = qspace.GetPermutedIndex(iel, iq);
         values[iq_p] = Eval(T, ip);
      }
   }
}
 
void ConstantCoefficient::Project(QuadratureFunction &qf)
{
   qf = constant;
}
 
real_t PWConstCoefficient::Eval(ElementTransformation & T,
                                const IntegrationPoint & ip)
{
   int att = T.Attribute;
   return (constants(att-1));
}
 
void PWConstCoefficient::Project(QuadratureFunction &qf)
{
   auto &qs = *qf.GetSpace();
 
   const bool compressed =
      qs.Offsets(QSpaceOffsetStorage::COMPRESSED).Size() == 1;
   const int *offsets = qs.Offsets(QSpaceOffsetStorage::COMPRESSED).Read();
   const int ne = qs.GetNE();
 
   const int *attributes = [&]()
   {
      if (dynamic_cast<QuadratureSpace*>(&qs) != nullptr)
      {
         return qs.GetMesh()->GetElementAttributes().Read();
      }
      else if (auto *qs_f = dynamic_cast<FaceQuadratureSpace*>(&qs))
      {
         MFEM_VERIFY(qs_f->GetFaceType() == FaceType::Boundary,
                     "Interior faces do not have attributes.");
         return qs.GetMesh()->GetBdrFaceAttributes().Read();
      }
      else
      {
         MFEM_ABORT("Unsupported case.");
      }
   }();
 
   const real_t *d_c = constants.Read();
   real_t *d_qf = qf.Write();
 
   mfem::forall(ne, [=] MFEM_HOST_DEVICE (int e)
   {
      const int a = attributes[e];
      const real_t elementConstant = d_c[a - 1];
      const int begin = compressed ? e*offsets[0] : offsets[e];
      const int end = compressed ? (e+1)*offsets[0] : offsets[e+1];
      for (int i = begin; i < end; ++i)
      {
         d_qf[i] = elementConstant;
      }
   });
}
 
void PWCoefficient::InitMap(const Array<int> & attr,
                            const Array<Coefficient*> & coefs)
{
   MFEM_VERIFY(attr.Size() == coefs.Size(),
               "PWCoefficient:  "
               "Attribute and coefficient arrays have incompatible "
               "dimensions.");
 
   for (int i=0; i<attr.Size(); i++)
   {
      if (coefs[i] != NULL)
      {
         UpdateCoefficient(attr[i], *coefs[i]);
      }
   }
}
 
void PWCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   Coefficient::SetTime(t);
 
   std::map<int, Coefficient*>::iterator p = pieces.begin();
   for (; p != pieces.end(); p++)
   {
      if (p->second != NULL)
      {
         p->second->SetTime(t);
      }
   }
}
 
real_t PWCoefficient::Eval(ElementTransformation &T,
                           const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   const int att = T.Attribute;
   std::map<int, Coefficient*>::const_iterator p = pieces.find(att);
   if (p != pieces.end())
   {
      if ( p->second != NULL)
      {
         return p->second->Eval(T, ip);
      }
   }
   return 0.0;
}
 
real_t FunctionCoefficient::Eval(ElementTransformation & T,
                                 const IntegrationPoint & ip)
{
   real_t x[3];
   Vector transip(x, 3);
 
   T.Transform(ip, transip);
 
   if (Function)
   {
      return Function(transip);
   }
   else
   {
      return TDFunction(transip, GetTime());
   }
}
 
real_t CartesianCoefficient::Eval(ElementTransformation & T,
                                  const IntegrationPoint & ip)
{
   T.Transform(ip, transip);
   return transip[comp];
}
 
real_t CylindricalRadialCoefficient::Eval(ElementTransformation & T,
                                          const IntegrationPoint & ip)
{
   T.Transform(ip, transip);
   return sqrt(transip[0] * transip[0] + transip[1] * transip[1]);
}
 
real_t CylindricalAzimuthalCoefficient::Eval(ElementTransformation & T,
                                             const IntegrationPoint & ip)
{
   T.Transform(ip, transip);
   return atan2(transip[1], transip[0]);
}
 
real_t SphericalRadialCoefficient::Eval(ElementTransformation & T,
                                        const IntegrationPoint & ip)
{
   T.Transform(ip, transip);
   return sqrt(transip * transip);
}
 
real_t SphericalAzimuthalCoefficient::Eval(ElementTransformation & T,
                                           const IntegrationPoint & ip)
{
   T.Transform(ip, transip);
   return atan2(transip[1], transip[0]);
}
 
real_t SphericalPolarCoefficient::Eval(ElementTransformation & T,
                                       const IntegrationPoint & ip)
{
   T.Transform(ip, transip);
   return atan2(sqrt(transip[0] * transip[0] + transip[1] * transip[1]),
                transip[2]);
}
 
real_t GridFunctionCoefficient::Eval (ElementTransformation &T,
                                      const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   Mesh *gf_mesh = GridF->FESpace()->GetMesh();
   if (T.mesh->GetNE() == gf_mesh->GetNE())
   {
      return GridF->GetValue(T, ip, Component);
   }
   else
   {
      IntegrationPoint coarse_ip;
      ElementTransformation *coarse_T = RefinedToCoarse(*gf_mesh, T, ip, coarse_ip);
      return GridF->GetValue(*coarse_T, coarse_ip, Component);
   }
}
 
void GridFunctionCoefficient::Project(QuadratureFunction &qf)
{
   qf.ProjectGridFunction(*GridF);
}
 
void TransformedCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (Q1) { Q1->SetTime(t); }
   if (Q2) { Q2->SetTime(t); }
   this->Coefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
real_t TransformedCoefficient::Eval(ElementTransformation &T,
                                    const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   if (Q2)
   {
      return Transform2(Q1->Eval(T, ip, GetTime()),
                        Q2->Eval(T, ip, GetTime()));
   }
   else
   {
      return Transform1(Q1->Eval(T, ip, GetTime()));
   }
}
 
void DeltaCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (weight) { weight->SetTime(t); }
   this->Coefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void DeltaCoefficient::SetDeltaCenter(const Vector& vcenter)
{
   MFEM_VERIFY(vcenter.Size() <= 3,
               "SetDeltaCenter::Maximum number of dim supported is 3")
   for (int i = 0; i < vcenter.Size(); i++) { center[i] = vcenter[i]; }
   sdim = vcenter.Size();
}
 
void DeltaCoefficient::GetDeltaCenter(Vector& vcenter)
{
   vcenter.SetSize(sdim);
   vcenter = center;
}
 
real_t DeltaCoefficient::EvalDelta(ElementTransformation &T,
                                   const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   real_t w = Scale();
   return weight ? weight->Eval(T, ip, GetTime())*w : w;
}
 
void RestrictedCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (c) { c->SetTime(t); }
   this->Coefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void VectorCoefficient::Eval(DenseMatrix &M, ElementTransformation &T,
                             const IntegrationRule &ir)
{
   Vector Mi;
   M.SetSize(vdim, ir.GetNPoints());
   for (int i = 0; i < ir.GetNPoints(); i++)
   {
      M.GetColumnReference(i, Mi);
      const IntegrationPoint &ip = ir.IntPoint(i);
      T.SetIntPoint(&ip);
      Eval(Mi, T, ip);
   }
}
 
void VectorCoefficient::Project(QuadratureFunction &qf)
{
   MFEM_VERIFY(vdim == qf.GetVDim(), "Wrong sizes.");
   QuadratureSpaceBase &qspace = *qf.GetSpace();
   const int ne = qspace.GetNE();
   DenseMatrix values;
   Vector col;
   // GetValues makes a reference, but we need it to be valid on Host
   qf.HostWrite();
   for (int iel = 0; iel < ne; ++iel)
   {
      qf.GetValues(iel, values);
      const IntegrationRule &ir = qspace.GetIntRule(iel);
      ElementTransformation& T = *qspace.GetTransformation(iel);
      for (int iq = 0; iq < ir.Size(); ++iq)
      {
         const IntegrationPoint &ip = ir[iq];
         T.SetIntPoint(&ip);
         const int iq_p = qspace.GetPermutedIndex(iel, iq);
         values.GetColumnReference(iq_p, col);
         Eval(col, T, ip);
      }
   }
}
 
void PWVectorCoefficient::InitMap(const Array<int> & attr,
                                  const Array<VectorCoefficient*> & coefs)
{
   MFEM_VERIFY(attr.Size() == coefs.Size(),
               "PWVectorCoefficient:  "
               "Attribute and coefficient arrays have incompatible "
               "dimensions.");
 
   for (int i=0; i<attr.Size(); i++)
   {
      if (coefs[i] != NULL)
      {
         UpdateCoefficient(attr[i], *coefs[i]);
      }
   }
}
 
void PWVectorCoefficient::UpdateCoefficient(int attr, VectorCoefficient & coef)
{
   MFEM_VERIFY(coef.GetVDim() == vdim,
               "PWVectorCoefficient::UpdateCoefficient:  "
               "VectorCoefficient has incompatible dimension.");
   pieces[attr] = &coef;
}
 
void PWVectorCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   VectorCoefficient::SetTime(t);
 
   std::map<int, VectorCoefficient*>::iterator p = pieces.begin();
   for (; p != pieces.end(); p++)
   {
      if (p->second != NULL)
      {
         p->second->SetTime(t);
      }
   }
}
 
void PWVectorCoefficient::Eval(Vector &V, ElementTransformation &T,
                               const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   const int att = T.Attribute;
   std::map<int, VectorCoefficient*>::const_iterator p = pieces.find(att);
   if (p != pieces.end())
   {
      if ( p->second != NULL)
      {
         p->second->Eval(V, T, ip);
         return;
      }
   }
 
   V.SetSize(vdim);
   V = 0.0;
}
 
void PositionVectorCoefficient::Eval(Vector &V, ElementTransformation &T,
                                     const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   V.SetSize(vdim);
   T.Transform(ip, V);
}
 
void VectorFunctionCoefficient::Eval(Vector &V, ElementTransformation &T,
                                     const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   real_t x[3];
   Vector transip(x, 3);
 
   T.Transform(ip, transip);
 
   V.SetSize(vdim);
   if (Function)
   {
      Function(transip, V);
   }
   else
   {
      TDFunction(transip, GetTime(), V);
   }
   if (Q)
   {
      V *= Q->Eval(T, ip, GetTime());
   }
}
 
VectorArrayCoefficient::VectorArrayCoefficient (int dim)
   : VectorCoefficient(dim), Coeff(dim), ownCoeff(dim)
{
   for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
   {
      Coeff[i] = NULL;
      ownCoeff[i] = true;
   }
}
 
void VectorArrayCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   for (int i = 0; i < vdim; i++)
   {
      if (Coeff[i]) { Coeff[i]->SetTime(t); }
   }
   this->VectorCoefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void VectorArrayCoefficient::Set(int i, Coefficient *c, bool own)
{
   if (ownCoeff[i]) { delete Coeff[i]; }
   Coeff[i] = c;
   ownCoeff[i] = own;
}
 
VectorArrayCoefficient::~VectorArrayCoefficient()
{
   for (int i = 0; i < vdim; i++)
   {
      if (ownCoeff[i]) { delete Coeff[i]; }
   }
}
 
void VectorArrayCoefficient::Eval(Vector &V, ElementTransformation &T,
                                  const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   V.SetSize(vdim);
   for (int i = 0; i < vdim; i++)
   {
      V(i) = this->Eval(i, T, ip);
   }
}
 
VectorGridFunctionCoefficient::VectorGridFunctionCoefficient (
   const GridFunction *gf)
   : VectorCoefficient ((gf) ? gf -> VectorDim() : 0)
{
   GridFunc = gf;
}
 
void VectorGridFunctionCoefficient::SetGridFunction(const GridFunction *gf)
{
   GridFunc = gf; vdim = (gf) ? gf -> VectorDim() : 0;
}
 
void VectorGridFunctionCoefficient::Eval(Vector &V, ElementTransformation &T,
                                         const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   Mesh *gf_mesh = GridFunc->FESpace()->GetMesh();
   if (T.mesh->GetNE() == gf_mesh->GetNE())
   {
      GridFunc->GetVectorValue(T, ip, V);
   }
   else
   {
      IntegrationPoint coarse_ip;
      ElementTransformation *coarse_T = RefinedToCoarse(*gf_mesh, T, ip, coarse_ip);
      GridFunc->GetVectorValue(*coarse_T, coarse_ip, V);
   }
}
 
void VectorGridFunctionCoefficient::Eval(
   DenseMatrix &M, ElementTransformation &T, const IntegrationRule &ir)
{
   if (T.mesh == GridFunc->FESpace()->GetMesh())
   {
      GridFunc->GetVectorValues(T, ir, M);
   }
   else
   {
      VectorCoefficient::Eval(M, T, ir);
   }
}
 
void VectorGridFunctionCoefficient::Project(QuadratureFunction &qf)
{
   qf.ProjectGridFunction(*GridFunc);
}
 
GradientGridFunctionCoefficient::GradientGridFunctionCoefficient (
   const GridFunction *gf)
   : VectorCoefficient((gf) ?
                       gf -> FESpace() -> GetMesh() -> SpaceDimension() : 0)
{
   GridFunc = gf;
}
 
void GradientGridFunctionCoefficient::SetGridFunction(const GridFunction *gf)
{
   GridFunc = gf; vdim = (gf) ?
                         gf -> FESpace() -> GetMesh() -> SpaceDimension() : 0;
}
 
void GradientGridFunctionCoefficient::Eval(Vector &V, ElementTransformation &T,
                                           const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   Mesh *gf_mesh = GridFunc->FESpace()->GetMesh();
   if (T.mesh->GetNE() == gf_mesh->GetNE())
   {
      GridFunc->GetGradient(T, V);
   }
   else
   {
      IntegrationPoint coarse_ip;
      ElementTransformation *coarse_T = RefinedToCoarse(*gf_mesh, T, ip, coarse_ip);
      GridFunc->GetGradient(*coarse_T, V);
   }
}
 
void GradientGridFunctionCoefficient::Eval(
   DenseMatrix &M, ElementTransformation &T, const IntegrationRule &ir)
{
   if (T.mesh == GridFunc->FESpace()->GetMesh())
   {
      GridFunc->GetGradients(T, ir, M);
   }
   else
   {
      VectorCoefficient::Eval(M, T, ir);
   }
}
 
void GradientGridFunctionCoefficient::Project(QuadratureFunction &qf)
{
   const FiniteElementSpace &fes = *GridFunc->FESpace();
   const Mesh &mesh = *fes.GetMesh();
   const int sdim = mesh.SpaceDimension();
   const int gf_vdim = fes.GetVDim(); // assumed to be 1 in this class
   qf.SetVDim(sdim*gf_vdim);
   if (mesh.GetNE() == 0) { return; }
   // All mesh element must be the same type:
   MFEM_VERIFY(mesh.GetNumGeometries(mesh.Dimension()) == 1,
               "All mesh elements must be the same type!");
   const IntegrationRule &ir = qf.GetIntRule(0);
   // All elements must use the same quadrature rule:
   MFEM_VERIFY(qf.Size() == sdim*gf_vdim*ir.GetNPoints()*mesh.GetNE(),
               "All mesh elements must use the same quadrature rule!");
   // QuadratureFunction uses the layout qf_vdim x nq x ne, i.e.
   // gf_vdim x sdim x nq x nq, so we need to request QVectorLayout::byVDIM:
   GridFunc->GetGradients(ir, qf, QVectorLayout::byVDIM);
}
 
CurlGridFunctionCoefficient::CurlGridFunctionCoefficient(
   const GridFunction *gf)
   : VectorCoefficient(0)
{
   SetGridFunction(gf);
}
 
void CurlGridFunctionCoefficient::SetGridFunction(const GridFunction *gf)
{
   GridFunc = gf; vdim = (gf) ? gf -> CurlDim() : 0;
}
 
void CurlGridFunctionCoefficient::Eval(Vector &V, ElementTransformation &T,
                                       const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   Mesh *gf_mesh = GridFunc->FESpace()->GetMesh();
   if (T.mesh->GetNE() == gf_mesh->GetNE())
   {
      GridFunc->GetCurl(T, V);
   }
   else
   {
      IntegrationPoint coarse_ip;
      ElementTransformation *coarse_T = RefinedToCoarse(*gf_mesh, T, ip, coarse_ip);
      GridFunc->GetCurl(*coarse_T, V);
   }
}
 
DivergenceGridFunctionCoefficient::DivergenceGridFunctionCoefficient (
   const GridFunction *gf) : Coefficient()
{
   GridFunc = gf;
}
 
real_t DivergenceGridFunctionCoefficient::Eval(ElementTransformation &T,
                                               const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   Mesh *gf_mesh = GridFunc->FESpace()->GetMesh();
   if (T.mesh->GetNE() == gf_mesh->GetNE())
   {
      return GridFunc->GetDivergence(T);
   }
   else
   {
      IntegrationPoint coarse_ip;
      ElementTransformation *coarse_T = RefinedToCoarse(*gf_mesh, T, ip, coarse_ip);
      return GridFunc->GetDivergence(*coarse_T);
   }
}
 
void VectorDeltaCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   d.SetTime(t);
   this->VectorCoefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void VectorDeltaCoefficient::SetDirection(const Vector &d_)
{
   dir = d_;
   (*this).vdim = dir.Size();
}
 
void VectorDeltaCoefficient::EvalDelta(
   Vector &V, ElementTransformation &T, const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   V = dir;
   d.SetTime(GetTime());
   V *= d.EvalDelta(T, ip);
}
 
void VectorRestrictedCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (c) { c->SetTime(t); }
   this->VectorCoefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void VectorRestrictedCoefficient::Eval(Vector &V, ElementTransformation &T,
                                       const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   V.SetSize(vdim);
   if (active_attr[T.Attribute-1])
   {
      c->SetTime(GetTime());
      c->Eval(V, T, ip);
   }
   else
   {
      V = 0.0;
   }
}
 
void VectorRestrictedCoefficient::Eval(
   DenseMatrix &M, ElementTransformation &T, const IntegrationRule &ir)
{
   if (active_attr[T.Attribute-1])
   {
      c->SetTime(GetTime());
      c->Eval(M, T, ir);
   }
   else
   {
      M.SetSize(vdim, ir.GetNPoints());
      M = 0.0;
   }
}
 
void MatrixCoefficient::Project(QuadratureFunction &qf, bool transpose)
{
   MFEM_VERIFY(qf.GetVDim() == height*width, "Wrong sizes.");
   QuadratureSpaceBase &qspace = *qf.GetSpace();
   const int ne = qspace.GetNE();
   DenseMatrix values, matrix;
   // GetValues makes a reference, but we need it to be valid on Host
   qf.HostWrite();
   for (int iel = 0; iel < ne; ++iel)
   {
      qf.GetValues(iel, values);
      const IntegrationRule &ir = qspace.GetIntRule(iel);
      ElementTransformation& T = *qspace.GetTransformation(iel);
      for (int iq = 0; iq < ir.Size(); ++iq)
      {
         const IntegrationPoint &ip = ir[iq];
         T.SetIntPoint(&ip);
         const int iq_p = qspace.GetPermutedIndex(iel, iq);
         matrix.UseExternalData(&values(0, iq_p), height, width);
         Eval(matrix, T, ip);
         if (transpose) { matrix.Transpose(); }
      }
   }
}
 
void PWMatrixCoefficient::InitMap(const Array<int> & attr,
                                  const Array<MatrixCoefficient*> & coefs)
{
   MFEM_VERIFY(attr.Size() == coefs.Size(),
               "PWMatrixCoefficient:  "
               "Attribute and coefficient arrays have incompatible "
               "dimensions.");
 
   for (int i=0; i<attr.Size(); i++)
   {
      if (coefs[i] != NULL)
      {
         UpdateCoefficient(attr[i], *coefs[i]);
      }
   }
}
 
void PWMatrixCoefficient::UpdateCoefficient(int attr, MatrixCoefficient & coef)
{
   MFEM_VERIFY(coef.GetHeight() == height,
               "PWMatrixCoefficient::UpdateCoefficient:  "
               "MatrixCoefficient has incompatible height.");
   MFEM_VERIFY(coef.GetWidth() == width,
               "PWMatrixCoefficient::UpdateCoefficient:  "
               "MatrixCoefficient has incompatible width.");
   if (symmetric)
   {
      MFEM_VERIFY(coef.IsSymmetric(),
                  "PWMatrixCoefficient::UpdateCoefficient:  "
                  "MatrixCoefficient has incompatible symmetry.");
   }
   pieces[attr] = &coef;
}
 
void PWMatrixCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   MatrixCoefficient::SetTime(t);
 
   std::map<int, MatrixCoefficient*>::iterator p = pieces.begin();
   for (; p != pieces.end(); p++)
   {
      if (p->second != NULL)
      {
         p->second->SetTime(t);
      }
   }
}
 
void PWMatrixCoefficient::Eval(DenseMatrix &K, ElementTransformation &T,
                               const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   const int att = T.Attribute;
   std::map<int, MatrixCoefficient*>::const_iterator p = pieces.find(att);
   if (p != pieces.end())
   {
      if ( p->second != NULL)
      {
         p->second->Eval(K, T, ip);
         return;
      }
   }
 
   K.SetSize(height, width);
   K = 0.0;
}
 
void MatrixFunctionCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (Q) { Q->SetTime(t); }
   this->MatrixCoefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void MatrixFunctionCoefficient::Eval(DenseMatrix &K, ElementTransformation &T,
                                     const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   real_t x[3];
   Vector transip(x, 3);
 
   T.Transform(ip, transip);
 
   K.SetSize(height, width);
 
   if (symmetric) // Use SymmFunction (deprecated version)
   {
      MFEM_VERIFY(height == width && SymmFunction,
                  "MatrixFunctionCoefficient is not symmetric");
 
      Vector Ksym((width * (width + 1)) / 2); // 1x1: 1, 2x2: 3, 3x3: 6
 
      SymmFunction(transip, Ksym);
 
      // Copy upper triangular values from Ksym to the full matrix K
      int os = 0;
      for (int i=0; i<height; ++i)
      {
         for (int j=i; j<width; ++j)
         {
            const real_t Kij = Ksym[j - i + os];
            K(i,j) = Kij;
            if (j != i) { K(j,i) = Kij; }
         }
 
         os += width - i;
      }
   }
   else
   {
      if (Function)
      {
         Function(transip, K);
      }
      else if (TDFunction)
      {
         TDFunction(transip, GetTime(), K);
      }
      else
      {
         K = mat;
      }
   }
 
   if (Q)
   {
      K *= Q->Eval(T, ip, GetTime());
   }
}
 
void MatrixFunctionCoefficient::EvalSymmetric(Vector &K,
                                              ElementTransformation &T,
                                              const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   MFEM_VERIFY(symmetric && height == width && SymmFunction,
               "MatrixFunctionCoefficient is not symmetric");
 
   real_t x[3];
   Vector transip(x, 3);
 
   T.Transform(ip, transip);
 
   K.SetSize((width * (width + 1)) / 2); // 1x1: 1, 2x2: 3, 3x3: 6
 
   if (SymmFunction)
   {
      SymmFunction(transip, K);
   }
 
   if (Q)
   {
      K *= Q->Eval(T, ip, GetTime());
   }
}
 
void SymmetricMatrixCoefficient::ProjectSymmetric(QuadratureFunction &qf)
{
   const int vdim = qf.GetVDim();
   MFEM_VERIFY(vdim == height*(height+1)/2, "Wrong sizes.");
 
   QuadratureSpaceBase &qspace = *qf.GetSpace();
   const int ne = qspace.GetNE();
   qf.HostWrite();
   DenseMatrix values;
   DenseSymmetricMatrix matrix;
   for (int iel = 0; iel < ne; ++iel)
   {
      qf.GetValues(iel, values);
      const IntegrationRule &ir = qspace.GetIntRule(iel);
      ElementTransformation& T = *qspace.GetTransformation(iel);
      for (int iq = 0; iq < ir.Size(); ++iq)
      {
         const IntegrationPoint &ip = ir[iq];
         T.SetIntPoint(&ip);
         matrix.UseExternalData(&values(0, iq), height);
         Eval(matrix, T, ip);
      }
   }
}
 
 
void SymmetricMatrixCoefficient::Eval(DenseMatrix &K, ElementTransformation &T,
                                      const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   Eval(mat_aux, T, ip);
   for (int j = 0; j < width; ++j)
   {
      for (int i = 0; i < height; ++ i)
      {
         K(i, j) = mat_aux(i, j);
      }
   }
}
 
void SymmetricMatrixFunctionCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (Q) { Q->SetTime(t); }
   MatrixCoefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void SymmetricMatrixFunctionCoefficient::Eval(DenseSymmetricMatrix &K,
                                              ElementTransformation &T,
                                              const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   real_t x[3];
   Vector transip(x, 3);
 
   T.Transform(ip, transip);
 
   K.SetSize(height);
 
   if (Function)
   {
      Function(transip, K);
   }
   else if (TDFunction)
   {
      TDFunction(transip, GetTime(), K);
   }
   else
   {
      K = mat;
   }
 
   if (Q)
   {
      K *= Q->Eval(T, ip, GetTime());
   }
}
 
MatrixArrayCoefficient::MatrixArrayCoefficient (int dim)
   : MatrixCoefficient (dim)
{
   Coeff.SetSize(height*width);
   ownCoeff.SetSize(height*width);
   for (int i = 0; i < (height*width); i++)
   {
      Coeff[i] = NULL;
      ownCoeff[i] = true;
   }
}
 
void MatrixArrayCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   for (int i=0; i < height*width; i++)
   {
      if (Coeff[i]) { Coeff[i]->SetTime(t); }
   }
   this->MatrixCoefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void MatrixArrayCoefficient::Set(int i, int j, Coefficient * c, bool own)
{
   if (ownCoeff[i*width+j]) { delete Coeff[i*width+j]; }
   Coeff[i*width+j] = c;
   ownCoeff[i*width+j] = own;
}
 
MatrixArrayCoefficient::~MatrixArrayCoefficient ()
{
   for (int i=0; i < height*width; i++)
   {
      if (ownCoeff[i]) { delete Coeff[i]; }
   }
}
 
void MatrixArrayCoefficient::Eval(DenseMatrix &K, ElementTransformation &T,
                                  const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   K.SetSize(height, width);
   for (int i = 0; i < height; i++)
   {
      for (int j = 0; j < width; j++)
      {
         K(i,j) = this->Eval(i, j, T, ip);
      }
   }
}
 
MatrixArrayVectorCoefficient::MatrixArrayVectorCoefficient (int dim)
   : MatrixCoefficient (dim)
{
   Coeff.SetSize(height);
   ownCoeff.SetSize(height);
   for (int i = 0; i < height; i++)
   {
      Coeff[i] = NULL;
      ownCoeff[i] = true;
   }
}
 
void MatrixArrayVectorCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   for (int i=0; i < height; i++)
   {
      if (Coeff[i]) { Coeff[i]->SetTime(t); }
   }
   this->MatrixCoefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void MatrixArrayVectorCoefficient::Set(int i, VectorCoefficient * c, bool own)
{
   MFEM_ASSERT(i < height && i >= 0, "Row "
               << i << " does not exist. " <<
               "Matrix height = " << height << ".");
   if (ownCoeff[i]) { delete Coeff[i]; }
   Coeff[i] = c;
   ownCoeff[i] = own;
}
 
MatrixArrayVectorCoefficient::~MatrixArrayVectorCoefficient ()
{
   for (int i=0; i < height; i++)
   {
      if (ownCoeff[i]) { delete Coeff[i]; }
   }
}
 
void MatrixArrayVectorCoefficient::Eval(int i, Vector &V,
                                        ElementTransformation &T,
                                        const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   MFEM_ASSERT(i < height && i >= 0, "Row "
               << i << " does not exist. " <<
               "Matrix height = " << height << ".");
   if (Coeff[i])
   {
      Coeff[i] -> Eval(V, T, ip);
   }
   else
   {
      V = 0.0;
   }
}
 
void MatrixArrayVectorCoefficient::Eval(DenseMatrix &K,
                                        ElementTransformation &T,
                                        const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   K.SetSize(height, width);
   Vector V(width);
   for (int i = 0; i < height; i++)
   {
      this->Eval(i, V, T, ip);
      K.SetRow(i, V);
   }
}
 
void MatrixRestrictedCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (c) { c->SetTime(t); }
   this->MatrixCoefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void MatrixRestrictedCoefficient::Eval(DenseMatrix &K, ElementTransformation &T,
                                       const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   if (active_attr[T.Attribute-1])
   {
      c->SetTime(GetTime());
      c->Eval(K, T, ip);
   }
   else
   {
      K.SetSize(height, width);
      K = 0.0;
   }
}
 
void SumCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   if (b) { b->SetTime(t); }
   this->Coefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void SumCoefficient::Project(QuadratureFunction &qf)
{
   if (a == nullptr)
   {
      // qf = alpha*aConst + beta * b
      const real_t d_alpha_a = aConst*alpha;
      const real_t d_beta = beta;
      b->Project(qf);
      auto d_qf = qf.ReadWrite();
      mfem::forall(qf.Size(), [=] MFEM_HOST_DEVICE (int i)
      {
         d_qf[i] = d_alpha_a + d_beta*d_qf[i];
      });
   }
   else
   {
      a->Project(qf);
      QuadratureFunction qf_b(*qf.GetSpace());
      b->Project(qf_b);
      add(alpha, qf, beta, qf_b, qf);
   }
}
 
void ProductCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   if (b) { b->SetTime(t); }
   this->Coefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void ProductCoefficient::Project(QuadratureFunction &qf)
{
   if (a == nullptr)
   {
      // qf = aConst * b
      b->Project(qf);
      qf *= aConst;
   }
   else
   {
      a->Project(qf);
      QuadratureFunction qf_b(qf.GetSpace());
      b->Project(qf_b);
      qf *= qf_b;
   }
}
 
void RatioCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   if (b) { b->SetTime(t); }
   this->Coefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void RatioCoefficient::Project(QuadratureFunction &qf)
{
   if (b == nullptr)
   {
      if (a == nullptr)
      {
         qf = aConst / bConst;
      }
      else
      {
         a->Project(qf);
         qf *= 1.0/bConst;
      }
   }
   else
   {
      if (a == nullptr)
      {
         b->Project(qf);
         qf.Reciprocal();
         qf *= aConst;
      }
      else
      {
         a->Project(qf);
         QuadratureFunction qf_b(qf.GetSpace());
         b->Project(qf_b);
         qf /= qf_b;
      }
   }
}
 
void PowerCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   this->Coefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
InnerProductCoefficient::InnerProductCoefficient(VectorCoefficient &A,
                                                 VectorCoefficient &B)
   : a(&A), b(&B), va(A.GetVDim()), vb(B.GetVDim())
{
   MFEM_ASSERT(A.GetVDim() == B.GetVDim(),
               "InnerProductCoefficient:  "
               "Arguments have incompatible dimensions.");
}
 
void InnerProductCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   if (b) { b->SetTime(t); }
   this->Coefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
real_t InnerProductCoefficient::Eval(ElementTransformation &T,
                                     const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   a->Eval(va, T, ip);
   b->Eval(vb, T, ip);
   return va * vb;
}
 
void InnerProductCoefficient::Project(QuadratureFunction &qf)
{
   MFEM_VERIFY(a->GetVDim() == b->GetVDim(),
               "Incompatible vector coefficients: a->GetVDim(): "
               << a->GetVDim() << ", b->GetVDim(): " << b->GetVDim());
 
   const int vdim = a->GetVDim();
   MFEM_VERIFY(vdim >= 1, "invalid vdim: " << vdim);
 
   // When running on device, make sure the output data is allocated before any
   // local temporary data to reduce potential heap fragmentation:
   auto dot_d = qf.Write();
 
   QuadratureFunction qf_a(qf.GetSpace(), vdim);
   QuadratureFunction qf_b(qf.GetSpace(), vdim);
 
   a->Project(qf_a);
   b->Project(qf_b);
 
   auto a_d = qf_a.Read();
   auto b_d = qf_b.Read();
 
   mfem::forall(qf.GetSpace()->GetSize(), [=] MFEM_HOST_DEVICE (int i)
   {
      const real_t *ai = a_d + i*vdim;
      const real_t *bi = b_d + i*vdim;
      real_t dot = ai[0]*bi[0];
      for (int d = 1; d < vdim; d++)
      {
         dot += ai[d]*bi[d];
      }
      dot_d[i] = dot;
   });
}
 
VectorRotProductCoefficient::VectorRotProductCoefficient(VectorCoefficient &A,
                                                         VectorCoefficient &B)
   : a(&A), b(&B), va(A.GetVDim()), vb(B.GetVDim())
{
   MFEM_ASSERT(A.GetVDim() == 2 && B.GetVDim() == 2,
               "VectorRotProductCoefficient:  "
               "Arguments must have dimension equal to two.");
}
 
void VectorRotProductCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   if (b) { b->SetTime(t); }
   this->Coefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
real_t VectorRotProductCoefficient::Eval(ElementTransformation &T,
                                         const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   a->Eval(va, T, ip);
   b->Eval(vb, T, ip);
   return va[0] * vb[1] - va[1] * vb[0];
}
 
DeterminantCoefficient::DeterminantCoefficient(MatrixCoefficient &A)
   : a(&A), ma(A.GetHeight(), A.GetWidth())
{
   MFEM_ASSERT(A.GetHeight() == A.GetWidth(),
               "DeterminantCoefficient:  "
               "Argument must be a square matrix.");
}
 
void DeterminantCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   this->Coefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
real_t DeterminantCoefficient::Eval(ElementTransformation &T,
                                    const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   a->Eval(ma, T, ip);
   return ma.Det();
}
 
TraceCoefficient::TraceCoefficient(MatrixCoefficient &A)
   : a(&A), ma(A.GetHeight(), A.GetWidth())
{
   MFEM_ASSERT(A.GetHeight() == A.GetWidth(),
               "TraceCoefficient:  "
               "Argument must be a square matrix.");
}
 
void TraceCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   this->Coefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
real_t TraceCoefficient::Eval(ElementTransformation &T,
                              const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   a->Eval(ma, T, ip);
   return ma.Trace();
}
 
VectorComponentCoefficient::VectorComponentCoefficient(VectorCoefficient &A,
                                                       int c)
   : a(&A), va(A.GetVDim())
{
   SetComponent(c);
}
 
void VectorComponentCoefficient::SetComponent(int c)
{
   MFEM_ASSERT(c < a->GetVDim() && c >= 0,
               "VectorComponentCoefficient:  "
               "Index not in range.");
 
   component = c;
}
 
void VectorComponentCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   this->Coefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
real_t VectorComponentCoefficient::Eval(ElementTransformation &T,
                                        const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   a->Eval(va, T, ip);
   return va[component];
}
 
MatrixComponentCoefficient::MatrixComponentCoefficient(MatrixCoefficient &A,
                                                       int ri, int ci)
   : a(&A), ma(A.GetHeight(), A.GetWidth())
{
   SetRowIndex(ri);
   SetColumnIndex(ci);
}
 
void MatrixComponentCoefficient::SetRowIndex(int ri)
{
   MFEM_ASSERT(ri < a->GetHeight() && ri >= 0,
               "MatrixComponentCoefficient:  "
               "Row index not in range.");
 
   row_idx = ri;
}
 
void MatrixComponentCoefficient::SetColumnIndex(int ci)
{
   MFEM_ASSERT(ci < a->GetWidth() && ci >= 0,
               "MatrixComponentCoefficient:  "
               "Column index not in range.");
   col_idx = ci;
}
 
void MatrixComponentCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   this->Coefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
real_t MatrixComponentCoefficient::Eval(ElementTransformation &T,
                                        const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   a->Eval(ma, T, ip);
   return ma(row_idx,col_idx);
}
 
VectorSumCoefficient::VectorSumCoefficient(int dim)
   : VectorCoefficient(dim),
     ACoef(NULL), BCoef(NULL),
     A(dim), B(dim),
     alphaCoef(NULL), betaCoef(NULL),
     alpha(1.0), beta(1.0)
{
   A = 0.0; B = 0.0;
}
 
VectorSumCoefficient::VectorSumCoefficient(VectorCoefficient &A_,
                                           VectorCoefficient &B_,
                                           real_t alpha_, real_t beta_)
   : VectorCoefficient(A_.GetVDim()),
     ACoef(&A_), BCoef(&B_),
     A(A_.GetVDim()), B(A_.GetVDim()),
     alphaCoef(NULL), betaCoef(NULL),
     alpha(alpha_), beta(beta_)
{
   MFEM_ASSERT(A_.GetVDim() == B_.GetVDim(),
               "VectorSumCoefficient:  "
               "Arguments must have the same dimension.");
}
 
VectorSumCoefficient::VectorSumCoefficient(VectorCoefficient &A_,
                                           VectorCoefficient &B_,
                                           Coefficient &alpha_,
                                           Coefficient &beta_)
   : VectorCoefficient(A_.GetVDim()),
     ACoef(&A_), BCoef(&B_),
     A(A_.GetVDim()),
     B(A_.GetVDim()),
     alphaCoef(&alpha_),
     betaCoef(&beta_),
     alpha(0.0), beta(0.0)
{
   MFEM_ASSERT(A_.GetVDim() == B_.GetVDim(),
               "VectorSumCoefficient:  "
               "Arguments must have the same dimension.");
}
 
void VectorSumCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (ACoef) { ACoef->SetTime(t); }
   if (BCoef) { BCoef->SetTime(t); }
   if (alphaCoef) { alphaCoef->SetTime(t); }
   if (betaCoef) { betaCoef->SetTime(t); }
   this->VectorCoefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void VectorSumCoefficient::Eval(Vector &V, ElementTransformation &T,
                                const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   V.SetSize(A.Size());
   if (    ACoef) { ACoef->Eval(A, T, ip); }
   if (    BCoef) { BCoef->Eval(B, T, ip); }
   if (alphaCoef) { alpha = alphaCoef->Eval(T, ip); }
   if ( betaCoef) { beta  = betaCoef->Eval(T, ip); }
   add(alpha, A, beta, B, V);
}
 
ScalarVectorProductCoefficient::ScalarVectorProductCoefficient(
   real_t A,
   VectorCoefficient &B)
   : VectorCoefficient(B.GetVDim()), aConst(A), a(NULL), b(&B)
{}
 
ScalarVectorProductCoefficient::ScalarVectorProductCoefficient(
   Coefficient &A,
   VectorCoefficient &B)
   : VectorCoefficient(B.GetVDim()), aConst(0.0), a(&A), b(&B)
{}
 
void ScalarVectorProductCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   if (b) { b->SetTime(t); }
   this->VectorCoefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void ScalarVectorProductCoefficient::Eval(Vector &V, ElementTransformation &T,
                                          const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   real_t sa = (a == NULL) ? aConst : a->Eval(T, ip);
   b->Eval(V, T, ip);
   V *= sa;
}
 
NormalizedVectorCoefficient::NormalizedVectorCoefficient(VectorCoefficient &A,
                                                         real_t tol_)
   : VectorCoefficient(A.GetVDim()), a(&A), tol(tol_)
{}
 
void NormalizedVectorCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   this->VectorCoefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void NormalizedVectorCoefficient::Eval(Vector &V, ElementTransformation &T,
                                       const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   a->Eval(V, T, ip);
   real_t nv = V.Norml2();
   V *= (nv > tol) ? (1.0/nv) : 0.0;
}
 
VectorCrossProductCoefficient::VectorCrossProductCoefficient(
   VectorCoefficient &A,
   VectorCoefficient &B)
   : VectorCoefficient(3), a(&A), b(&B), va(A.GetVDim()), vb(B.GetVDim())
{
   MFEM_ASSERT(A.GetVDim() == 3 && B.GetVDim() == 3,
               "VectorCrossProductCoefficient:  "
               "Arguments must have dimension equal to three.");
}
 
void VectorCrossProductCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   if (b) { b->SetTime(t); }
   this->VectorCoefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void VectorCrossProductCoefficient::Eval(Vector &V, ElementTransformation &T,
                                         const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   a->Eval(va, T, ip);
   b->Eval(vb, T, ip);
   V.SetSize(3);
   V[0] = va[1] * vb[2] - va[2] * vb[1];
   V[1] = va[2] * vb[0] - va[0] * vb[2];
   V[2] = va[0] * vb[1] - va[1] * vb[0];
}
 
MatrixVectorProductCoefficient::MatrixVectorProductCoefficient(
   MatrixCoefficient &A, VectorCoefficient &B)
   : VectorCoefficient(A.GetHeight()), a(&A), b(&B),
     ma(A.GetHeight(), A.GetWidth()), vb(B.GetVDim())
{
   MFEM_ASSERT(A.GetWidth() == B.GetVDim(),
               "MatrixVectorProductCoefficient:  "
               "Arguments have incompatible dimensions.");
}
 
void MatrixVectorProductCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   if (b) { b->SetTime(t); }
   this->VectorCoefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void MatrixVectorProductCoefficient::Eval(Vector &V, ElementTransformation &T,
                                          const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   a->Eval(ma, T, ip);
   b->Eval(vb, T, ip);
   V.SetSize(vdim);
   ma.Mult(vb, V);
}
 
void IdentityMatrixCoefficient::Eval(DenseMatrix &M, ElementTransformation &T,
                                     const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   M.SetSize(dim);
   M = 0.0;
   for (int d=0; d<dim; d++) { M(d,d) = 1.0; }
}
 
MatrixSumCoefficient::MatrixSumCoefficient(MatrixCoefficient &A,
                                           MatrixCoefficient &B,
                                           real_t alpha_, real_t beta_)
   : MatrixCoefficient(A.GetHeight(), A.GetWidth()),
     a(&A), b(&B), alpha(alpha_), beta(beta_),
     ma(A.GetHeight(), A.GetWidth())
{
   MFEM_ASSERT(A.GetHeight() == B.GetHeight() && A.GetWidth() == B.GetWidth(),
               "MatrixSumCoefficient:  "
               "Arguments must have the same dimensions.");
}
 
void MatrixSumCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   if (b) { b->SetTime(t); }
   this->MatrixCoefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void MatrixSumCoefficient::Eval(DenseMatrix &M, ElementTransformation &T,
                                const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   b->Eval(M, T, ip);
   if ( beta != 1.0 ) { M *= beta; }
   a->Eval(ma, T, ip);
   M.Add(alpha, ma);
}
 
MatrixProductCoefficient::MatrixProductCoefficient(MatrixCoefficient &A,
                                                   MatrixCoefficient &B)
   : MatrixCoefficient(A.GetHeight(), B.GetWidth()),
     a(&A), b(&B),
     ma(A.GetHeight(), A.GetWidth()),
     mb(B.GetHeight(), B.GetWidth())
{
   MFEM_ASSERT(A.GetWidth() == B.GetHeight(),
               "MatrixProductCoefficient:  "
               "Arguments must have compatible dimensions.");
}
 
void MatrixProductCoefficient::Eval(DenseMatrix &M, ElementTransformation &T,
                                    const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   a->Eval(ma, T, ip);
   b->Eval(mb, T, ip);
   Mult(ma, mb, M);
}
 
ScalarMatrixProductCoefficient::ScalarMatrixProductCoefficient(
   real_t A,
   MatrixCoefficient &B)
   : MatrixCoefficient(B.GetHeight(), B.GetWidth()), aConst(A), a(NULL), b(&B)
{}
 
ScalarMatrixProductCoefficient::ScalarMatrixProductCoefficient(
   Coefficient &A,
   MatrixCoefficient &B)
   : MatrixCoefficient(B.GetHeight(), B.GetWidth()), aConst(0.0), a(&A), b(&B)
{}
 
void ScalarMatrixProductCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   if (b) { b->SetTime(t); }
   this->MatrixCoefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void ScalarMatrixProductCoefficient::Eval(DenseMatrix &M,
                                          ElementTransformation &T,
                                          const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   real_t sa = (a == NULL) ? aConst : a->Eval(T, ip);
   b->Eval(M, T, ip);
   M *= sa;
}
 
TransposeMatrixCoefficient::TransposeMatrixCoefficient(MatrixCoefficient &A)
   : MatrixCoefficient(A.GetWidth(), A.GetHeight()), a(&A)
{}
 
void TransposeMatrixCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   this->MatrixCoefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void TransposeMatrixCoefficient::Eval(DenseMatrix &M,
                                      ElementTransformation &T,
                                      const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   a->Eval(M, T, ip);
   M.Transpose();
}
 
InverseMatrixCoefficient::InverseMatrixCoefficient(MatrixCoefficient &A)
   : MatrixCoefficient(A.GetHeight(), A.GetWidth()), a(&A)
{
   MFEM_ASSERT(A.GetHeight() == A.GetWidth(),
               "InverseMatrixCoefficient:  "
               "Argument must be a square matrix.");
}
 
void InverseMatrixCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   this->MatrixCoefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void InverseMatrixCoefficient::Eval(DenseMatrix &M,
                                    ElementTransformation &T,
                                    const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   a->Eval(M, T, ip);
   M.Invert();
}
 
ExponentialMatrixCoefficient::ExponentialMatrixCoefficient(MatrixCoefficient &A)
   : MatrixCoefficient(A.GetHeight(), A.GetWidth()), a(&A)
{
   MFEM_ASSERT(A.GetHeight() == A.GetWidth() && A.GetHeight() == 2,
               "ExponentialMatrixCoefficient:  "
               << "Argument must be a square 2x2 matrix."
               << "  Height = " << A.GetHeight()
               << ", Width = " << A.GetWidth());
}
 
void ExponentialMatrixCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   this->MatrixCoefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void ExponentialMatrixCoefficient::Eval(DenseMatrix &M,
                                        ElementTransformation &T,
                                        const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   a->Eval(M, T, ip);
   M.Exponential();
}
 
OuterProductCoefficient::OuterProductCoefficient(VectorCoefficient &A,
                                                 VectorCoefficient &B)
   : MatrixCoefficient(A.GetVDim(), B.GetVDim()), a(&A), b(&B),
     va(A.GetVDim()), vb(B.GetVDim())
{}
 
void OuterProductCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   if (b) { b->SetTime(t); }
   this->MatrixCoefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void OuterProductCoefficient::Eval(DenseMatrix &M, ElementTransformation &T,
                                   const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   a->Eval(va, T, ip);
   b->Eval(vb, T, ip);
   M.SetSize(va.Size(), vb.Size());
   for (int i=0; i<va.Size(); i++)
   {
      for (int j=0; j<vb.Size(); j++)
      {
         M(i, j) = va[i] * vb[j];
      }
   }
}
 
CrossCrossCoefficient::CrossCrossCoefficient(real_t A, VectorCoefficient &K)
   : MatrixCoefficient(K.GetVDim(), K.GetVDim()), aConst(A), a(NULL), k(&K),
     vk(K.GetVDim())
{}
 
CrossCrossCoefficient::CrossCrossCoefficient(Coefficient &A,
                                             VectorCoefficient &K)
   : MatrixCoefficient(K.GetVDim(), K.GetVDim()), aConst(0.0), a(&A), k(&K),
     vk(K.GetVDim())
{}
 
void CrossCrossCoefficient::SetTime(real_t t)
{
   if (a) { a->SetTime(t); }
   if (k) { k->SetTime(t); }
   this->MatrixCoefficient::SetTime(t);
}
 
void CrossCrossCoefficient::Eval(DenseMatrix &M, ElementTransformation &T,
                                 const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   k->Eval(vk, T, ip);
   M.SetSize(vk.Size(), vk.Size());
   M = 0.0;
   real_t k2 = vk*vk;
   for (int i=0; i<vk.Size(); i++)
   {
      M(i, i) = k2;
      for (int j=0; j<vk.Size(); j++)
      {
         M(i, j) -= vk[i] * vk[j];
      }
   }
   M *= ((a == NULL ) ? aConst : a->Eval(T, ip) );
}
 
real_t LpNormLoop(real_t p, Coefficient &coeff, Mesh &mesh,
                  const IntegrationRule *irs[])
{
   real_t norm = 0.0;
   ElementTransformation *tr;
 
   for (int i = 0; i < mesh.GetNE(); i++)
   {
      tr = mesh.GetElementTransformation(i);
      const IntegrationRule &ir = *irs[mesh.GetElementType(i)];
      for (int j = 0; j < ir.GetNPoints(); j++)
      {
         const IntegrationPoint &ip = ir.IntPoint(j);
         tr->SetIntPoint(&ip);
         real_t val = fabs(coeff.Eval(*tr, ip));
         if (p < infinity())
         {
            norm += ip.weight * tr->Weight() * pow(val, p);
         }
         else
         {
            if (norm < val)
            {
               norm = val;
            }
         }
      }
   }
   return norm;
}
 
real_t LpNormLoop(real_t p, VectorCoefficient &coeff, Mesh &mesh,
                  const IntegrationRule *irs[])
{
   real_t norm = 0.0;
   ElementTransformation *tr;
   int vdim = coeff.GetVDim();
   Vector vval(vdim);
   real_t val;
 
   for (int i = 0; i < mesh.GetNE(); i++)
   {
      tr = mesh.GetElementTransformation(i);
      const IntegrationRule &ir = *irs[mesh.GetElementType(i)];
      for (int j = 0; j < ir.GetNPoints(); j++)
      {
         const IntegrationPoint &ip = ir.IntPoint(j);
         tr->SetIntPoint(&ip);
         coeff.Eval(vval, *tr, ip);
         if (p < infinity())
         {
            for (int idim(0); idim < vdim; ++idim)
            {
               norm += ip.weight * tr->Weight() * pow(fabs( vval(idim) ), p);
            }
         }
         else
         {
            for (int idim(0); idim < vdim; ++idim)
            {
               val = fabs(vval(idim));
               if (norm < val)
               {
                  norm = val;
               }
            }
         }
      }
   }
 
   return norm;
}
 
real_t ComputeLpNorm(real_t p, Coefficient &coeff, Mesh &mesh,
                     const IntegrationRule *irs[])
{
   real_t norm = LpNormLoop(p, coeff, mesh, irs);
 
   if (p < infinity())
   {
      // negative quadrature weights may cause norm to be negative
      if (norm < 0.0)
      {
         norm = -pow(-norm, 1.0/p);
      }
      else
      {
         norm = pow(norm, 1.0/p);
      }
   }
 
   return norm;
}
 
real_t ComputeLpNorm(real_t p, VectorCoefficient &coeff, Mesh &mesh,
                     const IntegrationRule *irs[])
{
   real_t norm = LpNormLoop(p, coeff, mesh, irs);
 
   if (p < infinity())
   {
      // negative quadrature weights may cause norm to be negative
      if (norm < 0.0)
      {
         norm = -pow(-norm, 1.0/p);
      }
      else
      {
         norm = pow(norm, 1.0/p);
      }
   }
 
   return norm;
}
 
#ifdef MFEM_USE_MPI
real_t ComputeGlobalLpNorm(real_t p, Coefficient &coeff, ParMesh &pmesh,
                           const IntegrationRule *irs[])
{
   real_t loc_norm = LpNormLoop(p, coeff, pmesh, irs);
   real_t glob_norm = 0;
 
   MPI_Comm comm = pmesh.GetComm();
 
   if (p < infinity())
   {
      MPI_Allreduce(&loc_norm, &glob_norm, 1, MPITypeMap<real_t>::mpi_type, MPI_SUM,
                    comm);
 
      // negative quadrature weights may cause norm to be negative
      if (glob_norm < 0.0)
      {
         glob_norm = -pow(-glob_norm, 1.0/p);
      }
      else
      {
         glob_norm = pow(glob_norm, 1.0/p);
      }
   }
   else
   {
      MPI_Allreduce(&loc_norm, &glob_norm, 1, MPITypeMap<real_t>::mpi_type, MPI_MAX,
                    comm);
   }
 
   return glob_norm;
}
 
real_t ComputeGlobalLpNorm(real_t p, VectorCoefficient &coeff, ParMesh &pmesh,
                           const IntegrationRule *irs[])
{
   real_t loc_norm = LpNormLoop(p, coeff, pmesh, irs);
   real_t glob_norm = 0;
 
   MPI_Comm comm = pmesh.GetComm();
 
   if (p < infinity())
   {
      MPI_Allreduce(&loc_norm, &glob_norm, 1, MPITypeMap<real_t>::mpi_type, MPI_SUM,
                    comm);
 
      // negative quadrature weights may cause norm to be negative
      if (glob_norm < 0.0)
      {
         glob_norm = -pow(-glob_norm, 1.0/p);
      }
      else
      {
         glob_norm = pow(glob_norm, 1.0/p);
      }
   }
   else
   {
      MPI_Allreduce(&loc_norm, &glob_norm, 1, MPITypeMap<real_t>::mpi_type, MPI_MAX,
                    comm);
   }
 
   return glob_norm;
}
#endif
 
VectorQuadratureFunctionCoefficient::VectorQuadratureFunctionCoefficient(
   const QuadratureFunction &qf)
   : VectorCoefficient(qf.GetVDim()), QuadF(qf), index(0) { }
 
void VectorQuadratureFunctionCoefficient::SetComponent(int index_, int length_)
{
   MFEM_VERIFY(index_ >= 0, "Index must be >= 0");
   MFEM_VERIFY(index_ < QuadF.GetVDim(),
               "Index must be < QuadratureFunction length");
   index = index_;
 
   MFEM_VERIFY(length_ > 0, "Length must be > 0");
   MFEM_VERIFY(length_ <= QuadF.GetVDim() - index,
               "Length must be <= (QuadratureFunction length - index)");
 
   vdim = length_;
}
 
void VectorQuadratureFunctionCoefficient::Eval(Vector &V,
                                               ElementTransformation &T,
                                               const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   QuadF.HostRead();
 
   const int el_idx = QuadF.GetSpace()->GetEntityIndex(T);
   // Handle the case of "interior boundary elements" and FaceQuadratureSpace
   // with FaceType::Boundary.
   if (el_idx < 0) { V = 0.0; return; }
 
   const int ip_idx = QuadF.GetSpace()->GetPermutedIndex(el_idx, ip.index);
 
   if (index == 0 && vdim == QuadF.GetVDim())
   {
      QuadF.GetValues(el_idx, ip_idx, V);
   }
   else
   {
      Vector temp;
      QuadF.GetValues(el_idx, ip_idx, temp);
      V.SetSize(vdim);
      for (int i = 0; i < vdim; i++)
      {
         V(i) = temp(index + i);
      }
   }
 
   return;
}
 
void VectorQuadratureFunctionCoefficient::Project(QuadratureFunction &qf)
{
   qf = QuadF;
}
 
QuadratureFunctionCoefficient::QuadratureFunctionCoefficient(
   const QuadratureFunction &qf) : QuadF(qf)
{
   MFEM_VERIFY(qf.GetVDim() == 1, "QuadratureFunction's vdim must be 1");
}
 
real_t QuadratureFunctionCoefficient::Eval(ElementTransformation &T,
                                           const IntegrationPoint &ip)
{
   QuadF.HostRead();
   Vector temp(1);
   const int el_idx = QuadF.GetSpace()->GetEntityIndex(T);
   // Handle the case of "interior boundary elements" and FaceQuadratureSpace
   // with FaceType::Boundary.
   if (el_idx < 0) { return 0.0; }
   const int ip_idx = QuadF.GetSpace()->GetPermutedIndex(el_idx, ip.index);
   QuadF.GetValues(el_idx, ip_idx, temp);
   return temp[0];
}
 
void QuadratureFunctionCoefficient::Project(QuadratureFunction &qf)
{
   qf = QuadF;
}
 
 
CoefficientVector::CoefficientVector(
   QuadratureSpaceBase &qs_, CoefficientStorage storage_)
   : Vector(), storage(storage_), vdim(0), qs(qs_), qf(NULL)
{
   UseDevice(true);
}
 
CoefficientVector::CoefficientVector(Coefficient *coeff,
                                     QuadratureSpaceBase &qs_,
                                     CoefficientStorage storage_)
   : CoefficientVector(qs_, storage_)
{
   if (coeff == NULL)
   {
      SetConstant(1.0);
   }
   else
   {
      Project(*coeff);
   }
}
 
CoefficientVector::CoefficientVector(Coefficient &coeff,
                                     QuadratureSpaceBase &qs_,
                                     CoefficientStorage storage_)
   : CoefficientVector(qs_, storage_)
{
   Project(coeff);
}
 
CoefficientVector::CoefficientVector(VectorCoefficient &coeff,
                                     QuadratureSpaceBase &qs_,
                                     CoefficientStorage storage_)
   : CoefficientVector(qs_, storage_)
{
   Project(coeff);
}
 
CoefficientVector::CoefficientVector(MatrixCoefficient &coeff,
                                     QuadratureSpaceBase &qs_,
                                     CoefficientStorage storage_)
   : CoefficientVector(qs_, storage_)
{
   Project(coeff);
}
 
void CoefficientVector::Project(Coefficient &coeff)
{
   vdim = 1;
   if (auto *const_coeff = dynamic_cast<ConstantCoefficient*>(&coeff))
   {
      SetConstant(const_coeff->constant);
   }
   else if (auto *qf_coeff = dynamic_cast<QuadratureFunctionCoefficient*>(&coeff))
   {
      MakeRef(qf_coeff->GetQuadFunction());
   }
   else
   {
      if (qf == nullptr) { qf = new QuadratureFunction(qs); }
      qf->SetVDim(1);
      coeff.Project(*qf);
      Vector::MakeRef(*qf, 0, qf->Size());
   }
}
 
void CoefficientVector::Project(VectorCoefficient &coeff)
{
   vdim = coeff.GetVDim();
   if (auto *const_coeff = dynamic_cast<VectorConstantCoefficient*>(&coeff))
   {
      SetConstant(const_coeff->GetVec());
   }
   else if (auto *qf_coeff =
               dynamic_cast<VectorQuadratureFunctionCoefficient*>(&coeff))
   {
      MakeRef(qf_coeff->GetQuadFunction());
   }
   else
   {
      if (qf == nullptr) { qf = new QuadratureFunction(qs, vdim); }
      qf->SetVDim(vdim);
      coeff.Project(*qf);
      Vector::MakeRef(*qf, 0, qf->Size());
   }
}
 
void CoefficientVector::Project(MatrixCoefficient &coeff, bool transpose)
{
   if (auto *const_coeff = dynamic_cast<MatrixConstantCoefficient*>(&coeff))
   {
      SetConstant(const_coeff->GetMatrix(), transpose);
   }
   else if (auto *const_sym_coeff =
               dynamic_cast<SymmetricMatrixConstantCoefficient*>(&coeff))
   {
      SetConstant(const_sym_coeff->GetMatrix());
   }
   else
   {
      auto *sym_coeff = dynamic_cast<SymmetricMatrixCoefficient*>(&coeff);
      const bool sym = sym_coeff && (storage & CoefficientStorage::SYMMETRIC);
      const int height = coeff.GetHeight();
      const int width = coeff.GetWidth();
      vdim = sym ? height*(height + 1)/2 : width*height;
 
      if (qf == nullptr) { qf = new QuadratureFunction(qs, vdim); }
      qf->SetVDim(vdim);
      if (sym) { sym_coeff->ProjectSymmetric(*qf); }
      else { coeff.Project(*qf, transpose); }
      Vector::MakeRef(*qf, 0, qf->Size());
   }
}
 
void CoefficientVector::ProjectTranspose(MatrixCoefficient &coeff)
{
   Project(coeff, true);
}
 
void CoefficientVector::MakeRef(const QuadratureFunction &qf_)
{
   vdim = qf_.GetVDim();
   const QuadratureSpaceBase *qs2 = qf_.GetSpace();
   MFEM_CONTRACT_VAR(qs2); // qs2 used only for asserts
   MFEM_VERIFY(qs2 != NULL, "Invalid QuadratureSpace.")
   MFEM_VERIFY(qs2->GetMesh() == qs.GetMesh(), "Meshes differ.");
   MFEM_VERIFY(qs2->GetOrder() == qs.GetOrder(), "Orders differ.");
   Vector::MakeRef(const_cast<QuadratureFunction&>(qf_), 0, qf_.Size());
}
 
void CoefficientVector::SetConstant(real_t constant)
{
   const int nq = (storage & CoefficientStorage::CONSTANTS) ? 1 : qs.GetSize();
   vdim = 1;
   SetSize(nq);
   Vector::operator=(constant);
}
 
void CoefficientVector::SetConstant(const Vector &constant)
{
   const int nq = (storage & CoefficientStorage::CONSTANTS) ? 1 : qs.GetSize();
   vdim = constant.Size();
   SetSize(nq*vdim);
   for (int iq = 0; iq < nq; ++iq)
   {
      for (int vd = 0; vd<vdim; ++vd)
      {
         (*this)[vd + iq*vdim] = constant[vd];
      }
   }
}
 
void CoefficientVector::SetConstant(const DenseMatrix &constant, bool transpose)
{
   const int nq = (storage & CoefficientStorage::CONSTANTS) ? 1 : qs.GetSize();
   const int width = constant.Width();
   const int height = constant.Height();
   vdim = width*height;
   SetSize(nq*vdim);
   for (int iq = 0; iq < nq; ++iq)
   {
      for (int j = 0; j < width; ++j)
      {
         for (int i = 0; i < height; ++i)
         {
            const real_t val = transpose ? constant(j,i) : constant(i,j);
            (*this)[i + j*height + iq*vdim] = val;
         }
      }
   }
}
 
void CoefficientVector::SetConstant(const DenseSymmetricMatrix &constant)
{
   const int nq = (storage & CoefficientStorage::CONSTANTS) ? 1 : qs.GetSize();
   const int height = constant.Height();
   const bool sym = storage & CoefficientStorage::SYMMETRIC;
   vdim = sym ? height*(height + 1)/2 : height*height;
   SetSize(nq*vdim);
   for (int iq = 0; iq < nq; ++iq)
   {
      for (int vd = 0; vd < vdim; ++vd)
      {
         const real_t value = sym ? constant.GetData()[vd] : constant(vd % height,
                                                                      vd / height);
         (*this)[vd + iq*vdim] = value;
      }
   }
}
 
int CoefficientVector::GetVDim() const { return vdim; }
 
CoefficientVector::~CoefficientVector()
{
   delete qf;
}
 
}